Mobile communications terminal and method

ABSTRACT

A mobile communications terminal communicates data using a mobile communications network that includes base stations and mobility managers that can send and receive signalling packets for controlling user data communications between communications terminals and a destination. The communications terminal can communicate packets with the base stations via a wireless access interface provided by the base stations and send a signalling packet to the mobility managers, the signalling packet including user data intended for a destination, prior to establishing a signalling connection with the mobility managers. The mobility managers can, upon receiving a signalling packet from a communications terminal, detect the packet is not associated with any established signalling connection between the mobility managers and the communication device. The mobility managers can, responsive to the detection, transmit the user data in the signalling packet to the destination. Accordingly a short message may be sent in a reduced context or context-less manner.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to mobile communications terminals forcommunicating data using a mobile communications network and methods forcommunicating.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Third and fourth generation mobile telecommunication systems, such asthose based on the 3GPP defined UMTS and Long Term Evolution (LTE)architecture arc able to support more sophisticated services than simplevoice and messaging services offered by previous generations of mobiletelecommunication systems.

For example, with the improved radio interface and enhanced data ratesprovided by LTE systems, a user is able to enjoy high data rateapplications such as mobile video streaming and mobile videoconferencing that would previously only have been available via a fixedline data connection. The demand to deploy third and fourth generationnetworks is therefore strong and the coverage area of these networks,i.e. geographic locations where access to the networks is possible, isexpected to increase rapidly.

The anticipated widespread deployment of third and fourth generationnetworks has led to the parallel development of a class of terminals andapplications which, rather than taking advantage of the high data ratesavailable, instead take advantage of the robust radio interface andincreasing ubiquity of the coverage area. Examples include so-calledmachine type communication (MTC) applications, which are typified bysemi-autonomous or autonomous wireless communication terminals (i.e. MTCterminals) communicating small amounts of data on a relativelyinfrequent basis. Thus the use of an MTC terminal may differ from theconventional “always-on” use case for conventional LTE terminals.Examples of MTC terminals include so-called smart meters which, forexample, are located in a customer's house and periodically transmitinformation back to a central MTC server data relating to the customersconsumption of a utility such as gas, water, electricity and so on. Inthe example of a smart meter, the meter may both receive small datatransmissions (e.g. new price plans) and send small data transmissions(e.g. new reading) where these data transmissions are generallyinfrequent and delay-tolerant transmissions. Characteristics of MTCterminals may include for example one or more of: low mobility; timecontrolled; time tolerant; packet switched (PS) only; small datatransmissions; mobile originated only; infrequent mobile terminated; MTCmonitoring; priority alarm; secure connection; location specifictrigger; network provided destination for uplink data; infrequenttransmission; and group based MTC features (for example: group basedpolicing and group based addressing). Other examples of MTC terminalsmay include vending machines, “sat nav” terminals, and security camerasor sensors, etc.

Mobile networks developed recently are generally well adapted tohigh-rate and high reliability services and may not always be wellsuited to MTC services.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to an aspect of the present invention there is provided amobile communications terminal communicates data using a mobilecommunications network. The mobile communications network comprising oneor more base stations operable to provide a wireless access interfacefor the communications terminals; and one or more mobility managersoperable to send and receive signalling packets for controlling userdata communications between communications terminals and a destination.The communciations terminal is operable to communicate packets with oneor more base stations in the mobile communications system via a wirelessaccess interface provided by the one or more base stations; and to senda signalling packet to one or more mobility managers of the mobilecommunications system, the signalling packet comprising user dataintended for a destination, prior to establishing a signallingconnection with the one or more mobility managers.

The one or more mobility managers may be operable, upon reception of asignalling packet from a communications terminal and comprising userdata intended for a destination, to detect that the packet is notassociated with any established signalling connection between the one ormore mobility managers and this communication device. The one or moremobility managers may be operable, responsive to said detection, totransmit the user data comprised in the signalling packet to thedestination.

Accordingly a short message may be sent in a reduced context orcontext-less manner in a mobile communications network.

In some embodiments the mobility manager may be configured to set up atemporary mobility manager context for transmitting the user data to thedestination. For example, the mobility manager may be operable todiscard the temporary mobility manager context after a predeterminednumber of packets have been exchanged with the communications terminal,the signalling packet being included in the number of packets. In otherexamples the temporary mobility manager context may be associated with atimer; and, upon expiry of the timer, the temporary mobility managercontext may be discarded.

According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided amobile communications system for communicating data to/fromcommunications terminals, the system comprising one or more basestations operable to provide a wireless access interface tocommunications terminals; one or more communications terminals operableto communicate packets with the one or more base stations via thewireless access interface; one or more packet gateways operable totransmit user data packets received via the one or more base stationsfrom and/or to the one or more communications terminals; and one or moremobility managers operable to send and receive signalling packets forcontrolling user data communications between communications terminalsand packet gateways. The one or more base stations are operable, uponreception of a signalling message from a communications terminal andcomprising user data intended for a destination, to detect that themessage is not associated with any established signalling connectionbetween the one or more base stations and this communication device. Theone or more base stations are operable, responsive to said detection, totransmit the user data comprised in the signalling message to thedestination and via the one or more mobility managers.

The one or more base stations being operable to transmit the user datamay for example comprise the one or more base stations being operable toset up a temporary base station context for transmitting the user datato the destination. For example, the one or more base stations may beoperable to discard the temporary base station context after apredetermined number of messages have been exchanged with thecommunications terminal, the signalling message being included in thenumber of messages.

Also, the one or more base stations being operable to set up a temporarybase station context may comprise the one or more base stations beingoperable to associate the temporary base station context with a timer;and, upon expiry of the timer, to discard the temporary base stationcontext.

Accordingly, embodiments of the present invention can provide for ashort message to be sent in a reduced-context or context-less manner ina mobile communications network, thereby reducing the amount ofsignalling and of context to be maintained in the network elements.

Further aspects and features of the present invention are defined in theappended claims and include a mobility manager element, a base station,a communications terminal and methods.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Example embodiments of the present invention will now be described withreference to the accompanying drawings in which like parts have the samedesignated references and in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram of a mobile communications networkaccording to the LTE standard;

FIG. 2 illustrates an example of a path followed by a message sent by aterminal in a conventional network;

FIG. 3 is an illustration of transitions between EMM and ECM states in aconventional LTE network;

FIG. 4 is an illustration of a possible call flow corresponding to FIG.2;

FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration of FIG. 4;

FIGS. 6 to 10 are schematic illustrations of a call flows associatedwith the communication of a short message;

FIG. 11 is an illustration of a possible path for sending a shortmessage;

FIG. 12 is another illustration of a possible path for sending a shortmessage;

FIG. 13 is an illustration of a possible protocol stack for sendingshort messages;

FIG. 14 is an illustration of another possible protocol stack forsending short messages;

FIG. 15 is a schematic block diagram of a parts of a mobilecommunications network according to the LTE standard shown in FIGS. 1and 2 illustrating a change of affiliation of a mobile communicationsterminal from one base station to another;

FIG. 16 is schematic block diagram of a mobility manager shown in FIG.15;

FIG. 17 is an illustrative representation of a call flow process fordelivering a down link data packet according to one example of thepresent technique;

FIG. 18 is an illustrative representation of a call flow process fordelivering a down link data packet according to another example of thepresent technique;

FIG. 19 is an illustrative representation of a call flow process fordelivering a down link data packet according to a further example of thepresent technique;

FIGS. 20 to 23 provide illustrative arrangements of states which amobile communications terminal can adopt when operating in accordancewith the present technique;

FIG. 24 is a schematic illustration of a path of packets throughelements of the mobile communications network for both a conventionalRRC connected state and an RRC messaging connected state in accordancewith the present technique; and

FIG. 25 is a table illustrating a relationship between the RRC messagingconnected leashed/unleashed states and the ECM Idle, ECM messagingconnected and the ECM connected states.

DESCRIPTION OF EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS

The example embodiments will be generally described in the context of a3GPP LTE architecture. However, the invention is not limited to animplementation in a 3GPP LTE architecture. Conversely, any suitablemobile architecture is considered to be relevant.

Conventional Network

FIG. 1 provides a schematic diagram illustrating the basic functionalityof a conventional mobile telecommunications network. The networkincludes one or more base stations 102 (one base station represented)connected to a serving gateway (S-GW) 103 for traffic in the user planeand to a Mobility Management Entity (MME) for signalling in the controlplane. In LTE, the base stations are called e-NodeB, which are referredto in the following description as eNB. Each base station provides acoverage area 103 within which data can be communicated to and frommobile terminals 101. Data is transmitted from a base station 102 to amobile terminal 101 within a coverage area via a radio downlink. Data istransmitted from a mobile terminal 101 to a base station 102 via a radiouplink. The core network, comprising the MME 105, the S-GW 103 and thePDN-Gateway (P-GW) 104, routes data to and from the mobile terminals 101and provides functions such as authentication, mobility management,charging and so on. The P-GW is connected to one or more other networks,which may for example include the internet, an IMS core network, etc. Inthe illustration of FIG. 1, connections on the user plane have beenrepresented with a plain line while connections on the control planehave been represented with a dashed line.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example of a path followed by a message 130communicated by a mobile terminal 101. In that example an MTC terminal101, wishes to send the message 130 to a destination 120, thedestination being reachable via the internet. In this example, adestination device is represented as a computer. However the destination120 could be an element of any suitable type where the element can beaddressed by the mobile terminal 101. For example, the destinationdevice 120 may be another terminal, a personal computer, a server, aproxy, or an intermediary element (to a final destination).

The following description provides a summary explanation of an exampleof operation in which a mobile terminal communicates the message 130 viaan LTE network, which is helpful in appreciating some aspects andadvantages of the present technique.

In order for the mobile terminal 101 to send data to a destination, anEPS bearer between the terminal 101 and the PGW 104 is set up, the EPSbearer being partially carried over a GTP tunnel between the eNB 102 andthe SGW and another GTP tunnel between SGW and PGW 104, as illustratedin FIG. 2. As the message 130 is carried to the destination device, itis sent from the terminal 101, at a first end of an EPS bearer to theeNB 102 (step 1), then to the S-GW 103 (step 2) and then to the P-GW 104(step 3), at the other end of the EPS bearer. The P-GW 104 then forwardsthe message 130 to the destination 120 (step 4).

FIG. 3 illustrates the various transitions between the four possiblecombinations of ECM states (connected or idle) and EMM states(registered or unregistered) as defined in the LTE standards for aterminal with a view to illustrating how terminals' connections aremanaged. The acronym ECM stands for “EPS Connection Management” and theECM state generally indicates whether the terminal has a Non-AccessStratum (NAS) connection set up with the MME. In LTE, as the terminalconnects to the MME and switches to ECM_connected, it also sets up anEPS bearer, that is, a data connection to the P-GW via the S-GW. Also,as the terminal switches from ECM_connected to ECM_idle, the EPS beareris torn down, and all S1 and RRC connections are released. The acronymEMM stands for “EPS Mobility Management” and the EMM state generallyindicates whether a terminal is attached to the network. When theterminal is in EMM_unregistered, it may for example be turned off, outof coverage or connected to a different network. In contrast, when aterminal is in EMM_registered, it is attached to the network and, assuch, it has an IP address and a NAS security context in the MME. It mayor may not have an EPS bearer set up, but in any case, it has somecontext associated with it in the MME (e.g. NAS security context) and inthe P-GW (e.g. the IP address). In addition the MME will know in whichtracking areas the UE is located. The four ECM/EMM states and thetransitions between them is described next.

The mobile terminal 101 is assumed to start from a state 153 in whichthe mobile terminal 101 is not connected to the network. In the state153, the terminal is in EMM_unregistered and ECM_idle states. From thisstate, the terminal can attach to the network to be in EMM_registeredand ECM_connected states. However, in order to attach, the terminalcannot switch to EMM_registered if it has not switched to ECM_connectedfirst. In other words, starting from state 153, the terminal cannot goto states 152 or 151 and it has to go to state 154 first. Therefore, asillustrated by arrow 161, a terminal in state 153 can attach to thenetwork by first switching to ECM connected and then to EMM_registered.As a terminal starts an attachment procedure from state 153, theterminal moves from a state 153 where it does not have any connection toa state 151 where it has a NAS connection to the MME, an IP addressallocated by the P-GW, and a EPS bearer to the P-GW via the e-NB and theS-GW.

Transitions between states 151 and 152 occur when a data connection (EPSbearer) is set up (164) or when all data connections have been released(165). Generally, transition 165 occurs when the user had an EPS beareractive and has not been using the bearer for a certain time. The networkcan then decide that the terminal no longer needs an EPS bearer and thusrelease all the corresponding resources and switch the terminal toECM_idle. Transition 164 generally occurs when the terminal has not beenusing any EPS bearer (see for example the discussion on transition 164)and now has data to send or receive. An EPS bearer is then set up forthis terminal and it is switched to ECM_connected. Whenever the terminalis EMM_registered, regardless of the ECM states, the terminal will havean IP address that can be used to reach the terminal, in other words anIP context remains active even if no actual EPS bearer is currentlyactive (e.g. state 152).

If the terminal detaches from the network, for example because it isturned off, moving to a different network, or for any other reason, itwill switch from any state it is into state 153, releasing anyoutstanding EPS bearer or context that was previously maintained for theterminal, via transitions 162 or 163.

As can be understood, the state 154 where the terminal is inECM_connected and in EMM_unregistered is a transient state and theterminal does not generally remain in that particular state. A terminalin that state is either a terminal switching from state 153 (detachedand inactive) to state 151 (attached and active) or a terminal switchingfrom state 151 to state 153.

RRC states are also provided to reflect the status of the RRC connectionbetween the terminal and the eNB (RRC_connected and RRC_idle). Underconventional operation conditions, the RRC states correspond to the ECMstates: if the terminal is in ECM_connected, it should also be inRRC_connected and if it is in ECM_idle, it should also be in RRC_idle.Discrepancies between ECM and RRC states may occur for a short period oftime as a connection is being set-up or tom-down.

FIG. 4 illustrates an example of the messages exchanged for setting up aconnection from the terminal 101 to the destination 120, for using theconnection to communicate data and for releasing the connection afterthe communications between the terminal 101 and the destination 120 havebeen completed. The call flow of FIG. 4 can be schematically dividedinto four steps A-D. Before step A starts, the terminal 101 is in theECM_idle state which means that the terminal 101 is not currentlycommunicating. At step A (messages 1-3) an RRC connection is set upbetween the terminal 101 and the eNB 102 for controlling communicationsbetween the terminal 101 and the eNB 102. Once this RRC connection hasbeen successfully established, at step B (messages 3-12), the terminal101 can establish a NAS connection with the MME 105. Following this NASconnection request from the terminal 101 to the MME 105, the MME sets upa connection (e.g. EPS bearer) between the terminal 101 and the P-GW104, via the S-GW 103 and the eNB 102, and controls this connection.Although they have not been represented here, messages may also be sentto the P-GW 104, for example from the S-GW 103, for setting up theconnection (e.g. EPS bearer) at the P-GW 104, for example the GTP tunneland EPS bearer. At the end of step B, the terminal 101 has an EPS bearerset-up and available to send and receive messages and is therefore inthe ECM-connected state. The call flow of FIG. 4 is an illustration andsome of the messages may vary, for example depending on the EMM statebefore step A. For example, the terminal may be in EMM_unregisteredstate and switch to EMM_registered during step B, or may already be inEMM_registered before step A starts.

Once this connection (e.g. EPS bearer) has been set up, the terminal 101can use the connection to send the message 130 to the destination 120(step C). In the example illustrated in FIG. 4, the message 130 sent viamessages 13-16 and is followed by an acknowledgement message to confirmthat the message 130 has been received by the destination 120 and/or itsfinal destination. In other example, messages 13-16 may not be followedby any acknowledgement messages as this is likely to depend on theprotocol used for sending the message 130. The scenario shown in FIG. 4may be applicable where an application layer protocol running over UDPrequires an acknowledgement to be sent.

At a point in time after completion of step C, the resources arereleased (step D). Step D could happen at any time after step C, forexample just after message 20, or at a later point in time, for exampleafter the terminal 101 stopped communicating for a predetermined time.The aim of step D is to release all unused connections, that is, torelease the NAS connection between the MME 105 and the terminal 101(also leading to the release of resources such as the GTP tunnel betweenS-GW and eNB and the EPS bearer), and to release the RRC connectionbetween the terminal 101 and the eNB 102. Again, depending on whetherthe terminal 101 should remain in EMM_registered after step D or shouldswitch to EMM_unregistered, the call flow for step D is likely to beaffected. For example, the terminal 101 may remain in EMM_registered ifthe terminal simply releases the RRC connection, NAS connection and EPSbearer because it has been inactive for too long, or the terminal 101may de-attach from the network and switch to EMM_unregistered (forexample following a handover to a GSM network).

In the event that the terminal 101 has to send and/or receive largeamount of data, this connection method can be efficient in setting up ahigh-throughput connection to the P-GW for transmitting such data. It ishowever based on the exchange of a large number of signalling messagesbetween different parties and the setup of a large number of advancedconnections (RRC, NAS, EPS, etc), which may render the systeminefficient if the terminal's transmission is actually a brief and smalltransmission, which is likely to be the case for an MTC typeapplications. Furthermore, MTC type applications are likely to requirereduced functionality in comparison to conventional mobile terminals, inorder to reduce the cost of producing such devices. This is because itis envisaged that MTC devices will be more ubiquitous and utilitarianthen conventional mobile terminals and therefore should be lessexpensive to produce in order to be attractive to use mobilecommunications networks to transmit and receive data. Accordingly, thepresent technique aims to provide an advantage of adapting conventionalmobile communications techniques, particularly in respect of datacommunications in order to reduce a complexity and therefore a cost ofimplementing mobile terminals which use the techniques as provided by anadapted mobile communications network. This is because recent networks,including LTE networks, have been designed for high-capabilities andhigh-mobility terminals and, as a result, they usually provide for thesetup of a high-speed high-reliability connection with an advancedmobility management with a view to supporting terminals potentiallytransmitting large amount of data while moving. However, in the case ofa terminal that is not moving as much as a personal phone and/ortransmits only small amount of data on a relatively infrequent basis,the amount of signalling and of mobility tracking required for theterminal to communicate may be excessive. In particular, it may beexcessive compared to the sometimes low level of service that may beacceptable for this type of terminals. For example MTC terminals aremore delay-tolerant than a human-to-human terminal, are less likely tomove and/or to change cell during transmissions and usually send orreceive small amount of data.

It may therefore be desirable to provide ways to improve an efficiencyof the network for transmitting small messages and/or MTCcommunications. The following sections provide different exampletechniques which form aspects and features of the present technique.

Transmission of Short Messages

In LTE, SMS can currently be supported in two ways. In the first methodthe short message is conveyed via an Application Server (AS), called anIP Short Message Gateway (IP-SM-GW), in the IMS core which provides aninter-working function into the legacy SMS network. For example, whenthe terminal wishes to send a SMS in LTE, it will then set-up an EPSbearer as discussed above and will send the SMS through the EPS bearerand to the IMS core's IP-SM-GW. Likewise, if the terminal is to receivea SMS, the network will trigger an EPS bearer set-up and the IMS core'sIP-SM-GW will then forward the SMS to the terminal through the EPSbearer. As discussed above, a large number of messages have to beexchanged for setting up and tearing down at least the RRC connection,the NAS connection and the EPS bearer which makes the sending andreceiving of infrequent short messages very inefficient. Of course, inthe case of a personal phone, the user is likely to take full advantageof the “always-on” approach and the user may have most of the time anEPS bearer already set-up for other services as well (e.g. emails, webbrowsing, etc.). However, MTC terminals may have to send only one shortmessage and this may be the only data sent or received for a long periodof time. In that case, setting-up an RRC connection, a NAS connectionand an EPS bearer for sending a short message to the IMS core is veryinefficient when using SMS over IMS.

In case the mobile network is not connected to an IMS core or the UEdoes not have IMS functionality, a transition solution has been proposedunder the name “SMS over SGs” for transferring a SMS message to thelegacy and circuit-switched (CS) core via a SGs interface between theMME and an MSC. Short messages are conveyed between the MME and the UEusing control plane protocols including RRC and NAS. Because PacketSwitched-only mobile networks have been designed for high-capacity andhigh-usage terminals, it is therefore assumed that if a terminal sends aservice request, a high capacity data path (e.g. an EPS bearer) will besetup for the terminal's use, not necessarily limited to the use of theservice that triggered the service request. This path may be thus usedby the terminal for accessing one or more services (e.g. web browsing,emails, etc.) so that the terminal is in “always-on” mode and does notneed to set up a new bearer for every new service. Therefore, as theterminal informs the network of its wish to use the mobile network tocommunicate (for example sending an SMS message) or as the networkdetects that it has data to communicate with the terminal (for examplean SMS message), a data path is set up first before the terminal canstart communicating using the mobile network. As a result, according toSMS over SGs, a terminal sending a SMS should first perform a fullattachment to the network, including the setup of an RRC connection, NASconnection and an EPS bearer before it sends a SMS to the legacy SMSC inthe 2G/3G network, via the MME. This fallback solution uses a newinterface SGs between a MME and a MSC. As for SMS over IMS, the terminalshould first set up all connections, including RRC, NAS and EPS beforeit can send or receive a SMS.

In other words, because of the way that recent networks have beendesigned, any time that a terminal has data to send or receive, a fullPS data path (for example an EPS bearer) is set up before everything,which include setting up other connections as well (e.g. RRC and NAS)and only then data can be communicated. Such an approach may beappropriate for high-throughput and high-usage terminals but is lesssuitable for MTC terminals. For example, the amount of signallingcompared to the amount of data to be transmitted is disproportionate.Also, the various elements involved all have to maintain connectioninformation called “context” which relate to information that may not beneeded in the specific case of MTC terminals having only briefcommunications. For example, the advanced mobility services provided bythe network involve a significant amount of signalling and context whichcould be reduced with less advanced and more tailored mobility.Accordingly, an alternative solution for sending short messages isproposed so as to improve the efficiency of the sending of shortmessages.

It is proposed that short messages be sent without setting up the fullRRC and NAS connections and be sent in a signalling packet on thecontrol plane rather than on the user plane. The amount of signalling,context and mobility management can thus be reduced, thereby improvingthe efficiency of the network for MTC terminals.

Connection and Context for Sending Short Messages

In order to better illustrate the simplification for the connections andcontexts, the call flow of FIG. 4 can be schematically represented as inFIG. 5. At first, a RRC connection is setup between the terminal 101 andthe eNB 102. Once this RRC connection has been set up, at time t₁, theeNB maintains an RRC context, referred to as Cont_RRC, for the durationof the RRC connection. In other words, until the RRC is released, theeNB will maintain this Cont_RRC. Such a context may for example includea terminal identifier (e.g. C-RNTI), power control settings, mobilitysettings, security settings, other radio settings or any otherinformation. There will also be a corresponding context in the UEstoring similar information pertaining to the operation of the radiolayers, however, this is not shown in the diagram.

Once the RRC connection has been set up, a NAS connection is set upbetween the terminal 101 and the MME 105. Once this NAS connection hasbeen set up, at time t₂, the MME 105 maintains a context for this NASconnection to the terminal 101, referred to as Cont_NAS, for theduration of the NAS connection. Such a NAS context may for exampleinclude a terminal identifier, a terminal's IP address, a current eNB,mobility settings, security settings, QoS settings, or any otherinformation. As explained above, when the terminal 101 attaches/sets upa data connection via the mobile network, an EPS bearer is set up in theuser plane between the terminal and the P-GW 104, the bearer beingcontrolled in the control plane by the MME 105. There will also be acontext in the UE storing UE related information pertaining to the NASprotocol. Note that the context Cont_NAS shown in the diagram as beingstored at the MME, may include more information than just that used byor transferred in EPC NAS signalling procedures, it may also containinformation pertaining to the session which has been gathered by the MMEfrom for example, an HSS.

Once the RRC connection, the NAS connection and the EPS bearer have beenset up, the terminal can send uplink data through the EPS bearer and tothe destination. Even though in the example of FIG. 5, the terminal 101sends uplink data, the same connection setup would occur for a downlinkor for an uplink and downlink transmission. Likewise the path of anacknowledgement message has been illustrated in the example of FIG. 5even though there may not be any acknowledgement message in otherexamples. As discussed earlier, this may for example be dependent uponthe type of protocol(s) used for transmitting the data. As can be seenin FIG. 5, Cont_RRC and Cont_NAS are maintained for the duration of theRRC and NAS connection (i.e. until they are expressly released with aconnection release message exchange) and, as a result, the RRC contextis used for every packet that eNB 101 receives from or sends to theterminal 101. Once the EPS bearer can be released, the NAS connectionbetween the terminal 101 and the MME 105 is released at the same time.As a result, at the time t₃ where the NAS connection is released, thecontext Cont_NAS is also released. The tearing down of the NASconnection is followed by a tearing down of the corresponding RRCconnection at time t₄. Again, as the RRC connection is released, thecontext Cont_RRC is also released.

Generally according to embodiments of the present technique the shortmessages are sent in a context-less or quasi-context-less manner. In oneexample, the terminal may send a message prior to the establishment ofany NAS connection between the terminal and the MME, thereby reducingthe signalling but also the level of service for the terminal. Inanother example, the terminal may send a message prior to theestablishment of any RRC connection between the terminal and the eNB,thereby also reducing the signalling but also the level of service forthe terminal. In further examples, the terminal may send a message aftera temporary RRC and/or NAS connection has been set-up, with for examplelimited features, where the connection is only set up for apredetermined number of messages or for no more than a predeterminednumber of messages, the number being any number greater than or equal toone. In one example, it may be set up for one message only, in anotherexample it may be set up for the duration of a two-message exchange. Itis intended that any suitable combination of the establishment of apartial connection and of the absence of connection establishment forthe RRC connection and the NAS connection be considered under thepresent disclosure. Various combinations are considered below.

The illustration of FIG. 6 shows an example where the terminal 101 sendsthe message when a temporary and reduced RRC connection is set up for aone-message conversation and where no NAS connection is pre-established.

In the example of FIG. 6, a temporary RRC connection is setup at t₁,where the RRC connection is not a conventional full RRC connection butis a connection that is (1) limited to a one-message conversation and(2) only configures the power settings. For example, Access Stratum (AS)security and mobility settings may not be configured even though itwould normally be configured for a conventional transmission. As aresult, the context to be maintained at the eNB can be reduced tocontain only a reduced amount of information. For example, it may onlycomprise a terminal identifier and power settings. The RRC connectionsetup could rely on a new type of RRC message or on re-using existingRRC messages. For example, the terminal 101 could use an existingmessage and use a flag, field or indicator in the message to indicatethat the RRC setup is not a conventional and complete RRC setup but isonly a limited and/or temporary RRC setup. Alternatively, conventionalRRC messages may be used at all stages where for example only the powersettings parameters have been indicated in the messages.

The terminal then sends a NAS packet, i.e. a signalling packet,comprising uplink data for the destination 120, and sends this NASpacket to the MME 105, via a message to the eNB 102. In the example ofFIG. 6, the NAS packet is carried in a RRC message, for example in a“RRC Uplink Information Transfer” message, however in other examples itmay be carried in another type of RRC message or in a message for adifferent protocol. As the packet goes through the eNB 102, the eNB canrelease the RRC context at t₂ as this context was only setup for a onemessage conversation with the terminal 101. After receiving the message,the eNB 102 forwards the NAS packet to the MME 105 at t₃. In theillustration of FIG. 6, t₃ has been represented as being after t₂.However, the skilled person will understand that t₃ could also be beforet₂ or at the same time as t₂. For example, the eNB 102 may first forwardthe NAS packet to the MME 105 first and then only release the RRCcontext. Even though this has not been illustrated in the Figures, theNAS packet sent by the eNB 102 to the MME 105 is generally sent in aS1-AP message. However, any other suitable protocol may be used forsending the NAS packet to the MME 105.

As the MME 105 receives the NAS packet, it will detect that it does nothave any NAS context already set up with the terminal 101 and can thenset up a temporary context Cont_NAS-temp. In the example of FIG. 6, thetemporary context is set up for a two packet conversation with theterminal 101. The MME 105 then sends the uplink data to the destination120. As the context Cont_NAS-temp has been set up for a two packetconversation, the MME 105 maintains the context even after the uplinkdata has been sent. In the example of FIG. 6, a successful transmissionof the uplink data triggers an acknowledgement message in response. Asgenerally the acknowledgement (“ack”) message comes back via the samepath as the uplink data, this ack message comes back to the MME 105. TheMME then recognises that this message is associated with the terminal101 and with the context Cont_NAS-temp and sends the ack packet to theterminal 101 via the eNB 102 using the context. After the MME 105 hassent the ack message, for example in a NAS packet, to the eNB 102 attime t₄, the MME 105 can delete the context Cont_NAS-temp as two packetshave been exchanged and the context was setup for a two-packetconversation. In this example, the MME 105 sets up a temporary contextfor a two message conversation when it receives the NAS packetcomprising the data for the destination 120. For the MME 105 to knowthat it should set up a two-packet conversation context, as opposed tofor example no context, a one-packet conversation context, etc., varioussolutions may be used. In one example, the MME 105 can always set up atwo-packet conversation context, i.e. the MME may not have any decisionmaking capabilities in respect of the context. This may, for example, bewell suited to an environment where only MTC short messages arrive atthe MME 105 without any prior NAS connection setup and where it is knownin advance that such messages are sent in a two-message conversation(e.g. message and acknowledgement). In another example, the MME may havesome higher-layer(s) capabilities and may for example be arranged toidentify the protocol above the NAS layer (or the relevant layer forterminal-MME direct communications), and/or to recognise someinformation in this higher layer protocol. For example, the MME may beable to detect whether the content of the NAS packet is transported in ashort message protocol, and to detect whether the content of the NASpacket relates to a short message (e.g. first part of the conversation)or to an acknowledgement (e.g. second part of the conversation). Inanother example, the NAS packet may include a flag or an indicationobtained from higher layer(s) (e.g. from a short messaging protocollayer) which indicates if and how a context should be set up. Forexample, to achieve the two-packet conversation context of FIG. 6, theNAS packet might include an indicator set to the value two to indicatethat the MME 105 should expect a two packet NAS conversation.

As the NAS packet arrives from the MME 105 to the eNB 102, the eNB canthen detect that it is not associated with any RRC connection or contextfor the terminal 101 and, at time t₅, it sets up a limited/temporary RRCconnection for sending a message comprising the NAS packet, i.e. for aone-message conversation. In the example of FIG. 6, t₄ has been shown asbeing before t₅, however, in some examples, t₅ could in fact be beforet₄. Once the temporary RRC context has been set up, the eNB 102 forwardsthe NAS packet comprising the ack message to the terminal 101. Forexample the NAS packet may be carried by a RRC message, or by a messageof any other protocol lower than NAS.

Once the RRC message has been sent to the terminal 101, the eNB can thendiscard the temporary context at a time t₆ as the one messageconversation has been completed. In the example of FIG. 6, the terminaldoes not have to set up a data path in the user plane for sending itsmessage. Therefore a significant amount of signalling and set up canthereby be avoided. Also, the terminal can send the message before anyconventional connection or context is set up at the eNB 102 and MME 105.In this particular example, the MME 105 does not have any context orconnection set up for terminal 101 when it receives the message.Therefore the amount of signalling and of context can be reduced bybeing set-up as the message arrives, rather than prior to sending anymessage.

In the example of FIG. 6 where radio layer context information is storedin the eNB during a temporary radio connection, radio layer informationmay also be stored in the UE, this is not shown in the diagram. The UEmay also store information of relevance to the NAS protocol such assecurity algorithm related information, this information may be storedduring and between short message transfers, if any such information isrequired to be shared with the MME NAS protocol then this can beconveyed by the communications terminal to the MME along with themessage carrying the application packet. Information stored in the MMEcontext Cont_NAS-temp may also include information gathered from othersources than the communications terminal via the NAS protocol, forexample it could include routing or security information gathered fromthe HSS.

As a result the complexity of sending a short message for an MTCterminal can be reduced and the efficiency of sending short messages canalso therefore be improved. For example, the terminal can send a messageaccording to FIG. 6 (or FIGS. 7-10) while it remains in the ECM_idlestate, and the terminal can then communicate a short message to a remotedestination even though a conventional terminal would have to set upRRC, NAS and EPS connections first and therefore would have to be inECM_connected to send a message. Typically the terminal would haveperformed an ATTACH to the network and be in EMM_Registered state priorto conveying any short messages, which would avoid the necessity for anauthentication process and NAS security establishment process with everypacket transfer. However, the possibility that the terminal is also inEMM_unregistered state when sending a short message would also be apossibility, particularly where the frequency of short message exchangeis very low or where simplified NAS security management processes areutilised. However, as the skilled person will recognise, someconventional mobile network features may be lost in sending a shortmessage in this manner. For example, if the RRC connection comprisesonly power control and ARQ related contexts but does not include anymobility or AS security parameters or settings, the mobile network maybe unable to provide any AS security or any mobility services toterminal 101. In that case, if the terminal 101 loses connectivity witheNB 102 (for example moves out of range of eNB 102), then no mechanismwill be in place for the terminal 101 to handover to another basestation while maintaining a continuity of services during and after thehandover. As a result, the terminal 101 may not receive the ack messagefrom the destination and it then cannot know whether the destination hasreceived the short message. This may have to be managed by upper layerprotocols (for example a messaging protocol) which may for exampledetect that the message should be re-sent because the terminal has notreceived any ack message in response to the first transmission.Therefore while such an approach may be well suited to MTCcommunications, it may be less suited to conventional mobiletransmissions from a convention terminal.

Another example is illustrated in FIG. 7. In this example, the MME 105sets up a one-packet conversation context Cont_NAS-temp at time t₃, i.e.when it receives a NAS message from a terminal 101 and when this messageis not associated with any pre-existing context at the MME 105. Thisbehaviour from the MME 105 may for example be a default behaviour whichmay for example always be used, or may be used unless it is overwrittenby a specific behaviour. For example a system may be configured to havethe example of FIG. 7 as a default configuration and may use the exampleof FIG. 6 when the NAS message comprises an indicator that a two-packetconversation context should be set up.

At time t₄, i.e. when or after the uplink data has been transmitted toits destination, the MME discards the context Cont_NAS-temp as thepacket of the one-packet conversation has already been received from theterminal 101 (via the eNB 102) and processed.

Likewise, as the ack message arrives at the MME 105 from the destination120 at time t₅, the MME 105 sets us a further temporary contextCont_NAS-temp′ for sending the NAS packet comprising the ack message tothe terminal 101 via the eNB 102. As this packet is sent to the cNB 102for transmission to the terminal 101, the MME 105 can discard thecontext Cont_NAS-temp′ at time t₆.

Then, as the eNB 102 receives the NAS packet, it sets up a temporary RRCconnection with the terminal 101 for the purposes of sending the ackmessage, for example in an RRC message. This temporary RRC connection isalso associated with the setup of a temporary RRC context at the eNB102, which is therefore set up at t₇ and discarded at t₈. An example ofwhere contextual information Cont_NAS-temp may be stored for a shortperiod in the MME as shown in FIG. 7 might be where the MME needs toaccess information from another entity, such as accessing routing orsecurity information stored in an HSS.A further example is illustratedin FIG. 8. In this example, the eNB sets up a temporary RRC context fora two-message conversation, but the eNB 102 sets up this context as theRRC message arrives, rather than after a temporary RRC connection set upas in FIGS. 6 and 7. To elaborate further, the temporary connectionsetup of FIG. 7 might include a period whereby channel soundings andchannel sounding measurements are exchanged so that messagetransmissions can be made at the appropriate power settings and in theoptimum time/frequency resources. In the case of FIG. 8 transmissionsmight be made using common channels, where there is no prior train up ofpower control loops and exchange of channel soundings. In the case ofFIG. 7 the temporary connection release at the radio layer may beimplicit, for example the temporary connection being releasedimmediately that the radio layer ARQ ACK has been received. Also, in theexample of FIG. 8, the MME does not set up any context and simplyforwards the message to the destination. Likewise, as the ack messagearrives back from the destination 120, the MME 105 simply forwards theack message to the terminal 101 via the eNB 102. This can be achieved,for example, with a message that includes information that may usuallybe found in the context. For example any routing information that may berequired for routing the ack message back to the terminal 101 may beincluded in the first message sent by the terminal, so that thedestination can then send a message that is routable by the MME. Oneexample is that the terminal may include its S-TMSI identifier in themessage sent to the destination 120, the message might also include theaddress of the cell under which the UE is camped and the address of thedestination. The destination 120 can then include some or all of thisinformation in the ack message such that, as this ack message arrives atthe MME 105, the MME is able to identify that this message is for theterminal 101 and can then route this ack message to the appropriate eNBand then the eNB is able to route the packet to the appropriate terminal101 in the appropriate cell. 101. Because in this example the RRCtemporary context is a two-message conversation context, as the ackmessage is sent by the eNB to the terminal 101 at time t₂, the eNB 102can then delete the temporary context.

In a conventional system during the ATTACH procedure the MME could beloaded up with useful NAS security information. The NAS informationcould be stored for a predetermined time in the MME between ATTACH andDETTACH. As illustrated in FIG. 9 the NAS information could beestablished once the mobile terminal is switched on, which includesauthentication and security which could be maintained indefinitely. Insome examples, when communicating an RRC message 140, the communicationsterminal could establish a temporary context or context update for thecommunication of the RRC message 140. In FIG. 9, an example is providedin which the communications terminal 101 sets up a NAS connection withthe MME 105. At time t1, the temporary NAS connection is set up and theMME creates a context Cont_NAS-temp including, for example, the NASsecurity parameters, which could be after the communications terminal isswitched on. In that example, the context is set up for a two-packetconversation. However the context might be set up for a conversation ofany number of messages of one or more.

Then the terminal 101 sends the RRC message 140 to the eNB. The eNBdetects that the content of the RRC message should be forwarded to theMME 105. For example, the eNB 102 can identify that the RRC message isnot associated with any existing connection with the terminal 101 and/orwith any context for this terminal. In another example, the eNB 102could be arranged to identify that the message 140 is not associatedwith any connection or context and to detect a flag or indicator 142 inthe RRC message and would then set up a temporary context. In thatparticular example, the flag or indicator 142 could be used as a checkfor the eNB 102 to ensure that the message 140 is intended for the MME105. In one example, the eNB 102 could then for example reject anincoming message 140 if it is not associated with any context and if itdoes not include the flag or indicator 142. The message 140 of coursealso includes data 144 which is being communicated to the destinationdevice and may also include an indication of the TIMSI 146.

The eNB 102 then forwards the NAS packet to the MME, which thenrecognises that this NAS packet is associated with the contextCont_NAS-temp. The MME 105 then forwards the message to the destination120.

As the MME 105 receives the ack message back from the destination 120,confirming that the destination has received the short message. The MME105 recognises that the ack message is for the terminal 101 and istherefore associated with the context Cont_NAS-temp. It sends the ackmessage to the terminal 101 in a NAS, which may itself be in a S1-APmessage for sending it to the eNB 102. The eNB 102 then transfers theack message to the terminal 101 in a message 140.

At time t₂, after the two-packet conversation between the MME 105 andthe terminal 101 has been completed, the connection can be released andthe temporary context Cont_NAS-temp can be discarded.

In the example of FIG. 10, the terminal 101 sends the short messagewhile no context exists for this message in the eNB 102 or in the MME105. Also the eNB 102 and the MME 105 do not set up any context,temporary or not, and they forward the message to the next node in acontext-less manner. The ack message received in return is sent to theterminal 101 in a similar manner. In that particular example, the amountof signalling and of context to be maintained can be significantlyreduced compared to sending a message in a conventional manner. Ofcourse, some features or services may be lost in doing so, such as somesecurity, mobility or session management features. Even though the lossof these features is likely to be considered as unacceptable for aconventional terminal, they may be acceptable for an MTC terminal atleast because the transmissions are shorter, MTC terminals may be lesslikely to move and/or to change cell during a (brief) transmissionand/or because MTC terminals are more delay-tolerant than otherterminals (e.g. human-to-human communications terminals) and/or becausea higher layer protocol such as that running between destination and UEmay be able to re-instantiate or recover from failed short messagetransfers.

In the example of FIG. 10, as the RRC messages are sent when the cNBdoes not have any existing context for them, some features provided by aRRC connection establishment may not be provided. For example, theterminal 101 may not have any C-RNTI allocated as this identifier isgenerally allocated during a RRC connection establishment. Thus, theterminal may use and be addressed using the S-TMSI as the identifier.Other identifiers may also be used, for example the IMSI or MSISDN.Therefore for the example shown in FIG. 10, the allocation message usedto specify the resources on which the RRC message can be transferred mayinclude the S-TMSI or a proxy therefor.

In general, in FIG. 6-10, a situation has been illustrated where thetemporary contexts (RRC or NAS) are discarded after a certain number ofmessages or packets of a conversation have been received and/orprocessed. The eNB 102 and MME 105 may also have timers for discardingthe context. For example, in the example of FIG. 6, the MME 105 mighthave a timer T_(cont-NAS) for maintaining the temporary contextCont_NAS-temp. For example, it may be desirable to discard the contextat the timer's expiry even if the ack message has not been received.This may for instance be preferable in the event that the ack message islost between the destination 120 and the MME 105 and thus never reachesthe MME 105 or if the nature of operation of any destination server issuch that the delay in receipt of the higher layer ACK by the MME may belong. If for example an ack message is generally received within 0.5 s,one might consider that if the ack message has not been received after 3s, it has very probably been lost and is therefore unlikely to arrive atthe MME 105 at all. In that case, one bound for the setting of theT_(cont-NAS) timer might be 3 s. Alternatively, if the context includesrouting information about the last known location of the UE then thetimer might be set according to expectations about for how long therouting information is likely to be valid (and whether routingsubsequent messages using that information is likely to be successful).This example and the values used in it is purely illustrative, the timermight have any value that is considered to be suitable to a particularsituation and/or environment.

Example of Short Messages Infrastructure

In order to forward the message to the destination 120, adaptations tothe infrastructure and/or protocols may be provided.

FIG. 11 is a schematic illustration of a mobile terminal, in thatexample MTC terminal 101, sending a message 130 to the destination 120via the MME 105. At first (step 1), the message is sent by the terminal101 to the eNB 102, the message being carried in a signalling message(e.g. NAS message encapsulated in an RRC message). Sending this messagedoes not require or trigger the set-up of a data path as would normallybe expected in PS networks when sending user data, and (step 2) the eNB,upon reception and identification of the signalling message, forwardsthe message 130 to the MME 105 in a signalling message. The MME 105 thensends the message 130 to the destination 120 at step 3. Thisillustration is a schematic illustration of a mobile-originated sendingof a short message, it does not for example illustrate the specificconnection between the MME 105 and the destination 120. This connectionmay for example be a direct connection or indirect, going via theInternet or via another route.

FIG. 12 is an illustration where the connection is indirect and is via amessaging server 106. For the purposes of illustration, the messagingserver will be called “MTC-SC” for “MTC Service Centre”. As illustratedin FIG. 12, the MME 105 detects that the signalling packet carrying themessage 130 is a short message to be forwarded to MTC-SC 106. Thisdetection could be carried out in different ways, for example and asdiscussed above, the MME 105 could detect the type of message carried inthe NAS packet, or the NAS packet may comprise an indicator that thisNAS packet actually carries a short message for forwarding to MTC-SC106. Finally, MTC-SC 106 can transmit the message 130 to its destination120. This transmission can also be performed in any other appropriatemanner. For example, it can be transmitted directly to the destination,or via a further messaging server and/or a router.

Although this MTC-SC 106 has been represented in FIG. 12 as separatefrom the MME, the skilled person would understand that the separation inthe illustration is only logical and for the ease of representation andunderstanding, and that the MTC-SC may for example physically form partof the MME. In another example, the MTC-SC may be a separate server, forexample a standalone server.

Advantageously, this MTC-SC 106 can be used for advanced functionalitiessuch as store and forward. For example, the server can store an incomingmobile terminated message if the terminal 101 is not attached to thenetwork yet and sends this message as soon as it attaches to thenetwork. Likewise, if the terminal 101 sends a message to another partythat cannot be reached, the messaging server MTC-SC 106 can store themessage and forward it when this other party becomes available.

FIGS. 13 and 14 illustrate two possible protocol stacks arrangement thatmay be suitable for an arrangement according to for example FIG. 11 orFIG. 12. In FIG. 13, the MME can act as a relay for messages between theterminal (or UE) and the MTC-SC and, in this example, the short messagesare carried by a protocol called “Protocol for short messaging” (PSM).This name does not refer to any particular specific protocol and is usedfor illustrative purposes: PSM may be any existing, modified or newprotocol suitable for sending the message to the MTC-SC. In FIG. 13,protocols from LTE have been used for illustrative purposes and theskilled person will understand that the invention could also be carriedwith a different set of protocols. Because in LTE the terminalcommunicates directly with the MME using a “NAS” protocol, the shortmessage may be carried by a NAS packet so that the short message can besent to the destination 120 and/or MTC-SC 106 via the MME 105 (via theeNB 102). The MME can then forward the upper layer (relative to the NASlayer) information to the MTC-SC. In the example of FIG. 13, theprotocols used between the MME and the MTC-SC have not been specifiedand have simply been referred to as P1-P6. In effect any suitableprotocol and suitable number of protocols (it could for example be moreor less than six protocols) for an interface between the MME and theMTC-SC may be used. For example, the stack may include five main layerssuch as Ethernet; MAC; IPsec; SCTP; and MTC-AP where MTC-AP is aprotocol for MTC applications (standing for example for “MTC ApplicationProtocol”).

With such a protocol stack, a short message 130 can be sent by theterminal 101 in a PSM message, the message itself being sent in a NASpacket, and the packet being sent in a RRC message to the eNB 102. TheeNB 102 then forwards the NAS packet in a S1-AP message to the MME 105.After receiving the NAS packet, the MME 105 can then forward the PSMmessage comprising (the short message 130) to the MTC-SC fortransmission to the destination 120. In the event that the terminalreceives a short message and has to return an ack message to confirmthat the short message was successfully received, the ack message canfollow the same path as the mobile-originated short message 130discussed above. Any PSM message for the terminal 101 (mobile-terminatedmessage) may follow the same path in the other direction as a mobileoriginated short message. Such a mobile terminated message may forexample be a mobile-terminated short message (e.g. the terminal 101receives a short message) or an ack message in response to amobile-originated short message.

The example of FIG. 14 illustrates another protocol stack arrangementwhich may be suitable for an MME that includes short messagingcapabilities. In that case, the MME may for example process the actualshort message 130. It may also not actually process the short message130 but may for example have PSM-relay capabilities that require thatthe MME implements some PSM functionalities.

Some might consider that including PSM capabilities in the MME 105 maynot be preferable as the MME was originally designed to perform only asa signalling node, while other might consider that it might simplify theglobal architecture to have PSM capabilities in the MME 105. The skilledperson will be able to identify which arrangement would be preferred ina specific situation, depending on its specific requirements.

Reduced Mobility Management for MTC Terminals

According to an aspect of the present invention a mobile communicationsnetwork is configured to provide a reduced mobility functionality toreflect a reduction in a capability of a mobile terminal which might forexample be used for MTC type applications. The following description andfigures provides an explanation of the reduced mobility functionality inaccordance with the present technique.

Embodiments of the present technique can provide a reduced mobilityfunctionality to some mobile terminals, such as those which might beoperating as MTC type terminals. Examples illustrating the reducedmobility functionality are explained as follows with reference to FIGS.15 to 25.

FIG. 15 provides a schematic block diagram of parts of a mobilecommunications network which are provided to illustrate the reducedmobility functionality in accordance with the present technique. Theparts of the mobile communications network are illustrative of anexample of an LTE network as for example illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2.In FIG. 15 a mobile terminal 201 communicates a message datagram to orfrom a source or an anchor base station (eNB) 202. The anchor eNB 202forms part of a cluster of eNB's 204, 206 which serve to provide afacility for communicating data to or from mobile terminals 201 via awireless access interface provided by each of the eNB's 202, 204, 206.In accordance with a conventional operation the eNB's 202, 204, 206 areconnected to a serving gateway (SG) 208 as for example shown in FIG. 1.Also connected to the eNB's 202, 204, 206 is a mobility managemententity (MME) 210. Of particular relevance to the present explanation isa message server 212 which is connected to the MME 210. In one examplethe message server 212 is an MTC-SC referred to in the aboveexplanations.

According to the present technique and in relation to the context-lesscommunication explained above, the MME 210 is arranged to provide areduced mobility function in connection with the communication ofmessages to or from the mobile terminal 201. To this end, the MME 210 isarranged to store a current location of a mobile terminal 201 untileither all outstanding message transfers have occurred or an “routinginformation freshness timer” has expired. If either of these conditionsis met then the routing contexts for the mobile terminal in the MME areremoved. According to one aspect the mobility management functionalityfor MTC terminals will then have to establish a location of thecommunications terminal when this has changed attachment from one basestation to a second base station. Thus the mobility management solutionas proposed in accordance with the present technique can be applied toone or both of the following messaging scenarios:

-   -   NAS signalling message exchange in which most NAS messaging        exchanges consist of multiple messages exchange between a mobile        terminal and an MME 210. These message exchanges should        typically be completed in a short period of time.    -   Short message exchange, short messages are transferred in a NAS        container in which the short message exchanges are expected to        consist of two steps that is a transfer of the message from the        originator entity (eg MTC-SC) followed by an acknowledgement        from the recipient entity, for example the mobile communication        terminal 201.

As an illustration of a reduced mobility management functionality, FIG.15 illustrates that the mobile terminal 201 which is currently attachedto an eNB 202 changes affiliation to a second eNB 206. In the followingdescription the first eNB 202 will be referred to as the anchor eNBwhereas the second eNB 206 will be referred to as the second eNB or thetarget eNB. The present technique therefore addresses a technicalproblem of how to deliver a message to the mobile terminal 201 when themobile terminal 201 has changed affiliation from one base station toanother.

Conventionally, the communication of data messages or datagrams to orfrom a mobile terminal which changes its affiliation from one basestation to another is handled using handover procedures in which thenetwork directs the mobile terminal to change affiliation in response tolink quality measurements reported by the mobile terminal. The mobilecommunications network then arranges to communicate data from a newtarget base station or eNB 206 and stops communicating from the sourceor first base station 202. However the present technique provides asimplification for mobility management which does not include a fullhandover procedure which typically requires a significant amount ofsignalling to configure measurements, send measurement reports, preparetarget base station, command handover, reconfigure tunnels and releaseresources from the source base station. As explained above, if theamount of data communicated to or from the mobile terminal 201 isrelatively small then the amount of signalling overhead required todeliver this message would represent a very inefficient use of radiocommunications resources. According to the present technique thereforeit is envisaged that a mobile communication terminal which for examplemay be operating as an MTC type terminal is provided with a reducedmobility functionality which may be reflected in a new connection statewhich will be explained below. However the following paragraphs serve toprovide an illustration of an example of the present technique inproviding a reduced mobility management function.

FIG. 16 provides a more detailed view of the MME 210. In FIG. 16 aprocessor 220 is arranged to control the operation of the MME andincludes a data store 222. The processor also receives an input from aclock 224. The processor is connected to a communications protocol stack226 which serves to implement the various levels of the communicationsprotocol stack which are performed by the MME 210.

In accordance with the present technique the MME 210 is arranged tostore a current location of each of the mobile terminals for which it isresponsible within a tracking area served by the MME. However thelocation of each of the mobile terminals in respect of a base station(eNB) to which they are currently attached is stored in the data store222 by the processor 220 only for a predetermined period. The eNB towhich the mobile terminal is attached is maintained until alloutstanding message transfers to a mobile terminal have been completedor until a “routing information freshness timer” as determined by theclock 224 has expired. At this time the eNB location of the mobileterminal is deleted from the data store 222. Thus as shown in FIG. 16 alist 230 of mobile terminals within a tracking area served by the MME isstored in a table with the mobile terminal's S-TMSI and an identifier ofthe base station eNB-A to which the mobile terminal is attached. Inaddition a clock value indicating a time at which the location of themobile terminal was registered 232 is provided within the table. Thus asmentioned above once the mobile terminal has been attached to an eNB fora predetermined amount of time then the entry in the data store of thecurrent location of the mobile communication terminal is cancelled. InFIG. 16 this is illustrated with respect to the mobile terminalidentified as UE3.

According to the present technique there is provided a reduced mobilityfunctionality to a mobile terminal which might find application inparticular with MTC type mobile terminals which are simplified withrespect to conventional mobile terminals. Accordingly with the presenttechnique full handover may not be supported. Thus if a mobile terminalwishes to transfer a message to a destination via the mobilecommunications network or receive a message from the mobilecommunications network as for example a NAS signalling message or ashort message exchange, then handover is not supported. To this end, themobile terminal may include a further communications state referred toin the description below as a “radio resource communication (RRC)messaging connected” state. In this state the mobile communicationsnetwork does not support full handover and therefore does not direct themobile terminal to reattach to a new base station for continuing acommunications session. Accordingly if the mobile terminal detaches froma first or source base station and attaches to a second or target basestation then in accordance with the present technique the message whichis to be communicated to the mobile terminal is simply lost. Higherlayer protocols can then arrange for the message to be resent to themobile terminal. To this end, the mobile terminal determines that itshould reselect to a target base station and reselects to that basestation. The network may be adapted to determine a location of themobile terminal in order to communicate the message. Examples ofdetecting that the mobile terminal has reselected to a new target basestation and determining an identification of the target base stationwill be explained in the following paragraphs.

In FIG. 17 a message flow diagram is presented for operation of an MME210 in arranging for a message to be communicated to a mobile terminal201 when the terminal 201 has moved on from a source base station 202and reselected to a target base station 206.

As shown in FIG. 17 and reflecting the situation shown in FIG. 15, afterthe mobile terminal 201 has detached from the first or source basestation 202 and reselected the second or target base station 206 themobile terminal 201 sends a first message M1 to provide a cell update tothe source base station 202 to indicate that it will be changingaffiliation to the target base station 206. The MME 210 has previouslycommunicated a message N from the mobile terminal 201 to the destinationand therefore assumes that the mobile terminal 201 is still attached tothe source base station. Accordingly the MME 210 has in its data store alocation of the mobile terminal 201 which is that of the source basestation 202. Accordingly when the MME 210 has a message N+x tocommunicate to the mobile terminal 201 the MME 210 communicates using amessage M2 the data packet for communication to the mobile communicationterminal 201. However as illustrated in FIG. 17 the MME 210 communicatesthe data packet to the source base station or eNB 202.

In message M3 when the source base station 202 attempts to communicatethe packet to the mobile terminal 201, that communication fails. Howeversince in message M1 the mobile terminal 201 communicated the cell updateto the source base station 202 indicating that it had reselected to thetarget base station 206, the source base station 202 in message M3.2communicates the data packet to the target base station 206. Accordinglythe target base station 206 communicates the data packet to the mobileterminal in message M4.

In FIG. 18 a similar arrangement is shown to that represented in FIG. 17except that the mobile terminal communicates its cell update through thetarget eNB 206. Thus as shown in FIG. 18 a mobile terminal 201 sends amessage M10.1 which includes a cell update to the target base station206 which advises the target eNB that the mobile terminal is currentlyattached to the target base station 206. The target base station 206sends a message M10.2 to inform the source base station 202 of an updateof the mobile terminals' location by informing the source station 202that the mobile communication terminal 201 is attached to the targetbase station 206. In message M12 the MME communicates a data packet N+xto the source base station 202 because, as with the case shown in FIG.17, the MME last communicated a message N from the source base station202 to the destination and therefore assumes that the mobile terminal isattached to the source base station. However since the source basestation 202 has been informed by the target base station 206 that themobile terminal is attached to the target base station 206, the sourcebase station 202 forwards the data packet to the target base station206. Accordingly the target base station 206 then communicates the datapacket as the message N+X in a message M14 to the mobile terminal.

In accordance with a further aspect of the present technique the MME mayhave the previous location of the mobile terminal as attached to theanchor base station 202. Accordingly with a message M31 the MMEcommunicates a data packet providing a message N+x to the anchor basestation or eNB 202 for communication to the mobile terminal. As shown inmessage M32 the anchor base station 202 attempts to communicate themessage to the mobile terminal 201. However the message delivery fails.This is because the mobile terminal has now reselected itself onto thetarget or second base station 206. Accordingly, the anchor base stationtriggers paging messages to be transmitted to its neighbouring basestations 204, 206 in order to page the mobile terminal. The basestations which are paged are provided from the anchor base station 202in a list which is to be used in case that the message M32 cannot bedelivered to mobile terminal in which case it is assumed that the mobileterminal has changed its location. This list may contain the same set ofcells/eNBs as are in the neighbour list which an eNodeB may anyway storefor the purposes of handover control or improving cell reselectionperformance. Accordingly, as shown in messages M33 the source or anchoreNB 202 communicates a message to the neighbouring base stations 204,206 to trigger a paging message to be transmitted from those basestations. Since the mobile terminal 201 is attached to the second basestation 206, the second base station 206 detects that the mobileterminal 201 is currently attached to it and responds to the pagingtrigger message M33 with a message M34 informing the anchor eNB 201 thatthe mobile terminal is currently attached to it. The anchor base station202 therefore transfers the packet in a transfer message M35 to thesecond base station 206 which the second base station 206 thencommunicates to the mobile terminal 201 in a transfer message M36.Accordingly the data packet providing message N+X is communicated to amobile terminal from the second base station 206.

In another example the mobility manager 210 is configured to requestfrom at least one of the mobile communications terminal or the eNB 206information providing an update of the second base station which themobile communications terminal has reselected. The information could beprovided by the communications terminal in an RRC message, which iscommunicated by the communications terminal via the eNB as a non accessstratum message. Thus in one example, the cell update information isprovided in a way which is substantially transparent to the eNB. If theeNB does not know the content of the NAS message is, it just forwards itto the MME.

The alternative is that the communications terminal can provide a cellupdate to the eNB (which may then use the information) as per forexample FIG. 17 or 18), but in which case additionally the eNB alsoforwards the cell update to the MME.

In another example the first base station may send the paging message toone or more base stations in a list of neighbouring base stations, whichmay be provided to base stations in a ‘neighbour list’. The ‘neighbourlist’ may be OMC configured or an eNB learnt list of surrounding basestations which communications terminals may hand over or hand off to.This list is conventionally already available in base stations and isconventionally used for configuring handover measurement reporting,identifying local cells to aid cell reselection.

New RRC Messaging Connected State

As mentioned above, in accordance with the present technique the mobileterminal 201 and the base station to which the mobile terminal isattached 206 can form a new state referred to as an RRC messagingconnected state which is shown in FIG. 20. In FIG. 20 an RRC messagingconnected state 280 is shown to be one of three states which include anRRC idle state 282 and an RRC connected state 284. The RRC idle state282 and the RRC connected state 284 are conventional states of themobile terminal and the base stations which transition between thesestates in response to whether the mobile terminal is currently providedwith a communications bearer for communicating data or not. Thus when inthe idle state 282 the communication to or from the mobile terminal isnot possible and the eNB is unaware that the UE is camped on it. Howeverin the RRC connected state 284 the mobile terminal is attached to themobile communications network and is provided with radio communicationsresources for communicating data.

According to the present technique the mobile terminal 201 and the basestation 206 to which it is attached form a new RRC messaging connectedstate in which only messaging is supported and no user plane can beprovided, reduced radio functionality sufficient and optimised for amessaging only application is provided for communication to/from themobile terminal. Furthermore within the RRC messaging connected state280 there are two sub states referred to as the RRC messaging connectedunleashed state and the RRC messaging connected leashed state 286, 288which are showing in FIG. 21. In the leashed state the mobile terminalis required to update the RAN about changes in the location of theterminal so that the RAN can route downlink packets to the correct basestation to which the terminal is attached. In contrast in the unleashedstate the mobile terminal and the base station are not required toupdate the RAN about changes in the location of the mobile terminal. Theleashed state may be supported using conventional network controlledhandover. Alternatively the state may be supported using UE controlledcell reselection, which may be augmented with other mobility techniquesas have already been described such as UE provided cell update to sourceor target eNB or anchor eNB triggered paging to find the UEs newlocation. The states of the state diagram of the mobile terminal shownin FIG. 21 are summarised as follows:

State Descriptions: RRC_Idle

-   -   mobile terminal is unknown to the RAN. No contexts associated        with that mobile terminal exist in the RAN    -   No data transfer or signalling transfer is possible in idle mode        (except as part of transitioning to another state)

RRC_Connected

-   -   mobile terminal is known to RAN, contexts exist within the RAN        for that mobile terminal    -   Access Stratum security is set up    -   SRB1, SRB2 and DRB available    -   C-RNTI assigned    -   Handover based mobility management    -   Transfer of any NAS signalling, short messages or data over an        IP connection is possible in this state        RRC_Messaging_Connected_Unleashed    -   Transfer of short messages and optionally NAS signalling        possible    -   No SRB2, DRB or AS security is available    -   Preferentially, contexts will be established/deleted in the RAN        implicitly as part of the message transfer transaction (not        using separate a priori, a posteriori RRC signalling)    -   Unleashed: cell reselection mobility provided, UE does not        provide notification to network of cell change. This may imply        reliance on higher layers such as NAS or PSM to recover from any        packet loss that occurs as a result.    -   No signalling based S1 tunnel re-arrangement.    -   Optionally mobile terminal listens to and utilises RAN stack        optimised for messaging and/or MTC, which may include simplified        PHY, MAC, RLC.        RRC_Messaging_Connected_Leashed    -   Only transfer of short messages and optionally NAS signalling        possible    -   Leashed: mobile terminal/eNB required to update RAN about        changes in mobile terminal location, so that RAN can route        downlink packets to the correct eNB.    -   May use network controlled handover based mobility management:        -   This means that mobile terminal location is tracked as the            mobile terminal moves from cell to cell, handover            measurements will be configured, packet forwarding on            handover may be supported, eNB may notify MME of cell            change.    -   Instead of handover source eNB may act as an anchor and either        the UE directly or indirectly provides the anchor eNB with        information about cell change or the anchor eNB pages local        cells to discover the UE's new location.    -   No DRB or AS security is available    -   Optionally mobile terminal listens to and utilises RAN stack        optimised for messaging and/or MTC

Transitions:

RRC_Idle to RRC_Messaging_Connected_Unleashed

-   -   Trigger: Short message (or possibly NAS signalling) to be sent        either on uplink or downlink    -   Realized by: Signalling prior to data transfer or preferentially        implicitly as part of packet transmission        RRC_Messaging_Connected_Unleashed to RRC_Idle    -   Trigger: One way short message transfer is completed or        multi-step message conversation is completed or inactivity timer        expires    -   Realized by: Signalling or implicitly by removal of contexts        after message transfer(s) are completed or after inactivity        timer expires        RRC_Messaging_Connected_Unleashed to        RRC_Messaging_Connected_Leashed    -   Trigger: Frequency of messaging exceeds threshold and/or number        of cell changes per unit time exceeds threshold    -   Realized by: Signalling        RRC_Messaging_Connected_Leashed to        RRC_Messaging_Connected_Unleashed    -   Support for this transition is not critical and is shown as not        supported in the diagram. If activity in        RRC_Messaging_Connected_Leashed drops below a threshold then a        transition to RRC_Idle should be enacted. However, optionally        the transition could be supported if frequency of messaging        drops below a threshold and/or number of cell changes per unit        time drops below a threshold.        RRC_Messaging_Connected_Unleashed to RRC_Connected    -   Trigger: This transition could be triggered by the need to set        up an IP pipe or possibly by a need to transfer NAS signalling    -   Realized by: Signalling        RRC_Connected to RRC_Messaging_Connected_Unleashed    -   Support for this transition is not critical and is shown as not        supported in the diagram. If a mobile terminal is currently        engaged in an SMS transfer or a NAS signalling exchange then the        system should remain in RRC_Connected state. If the system is in        RRC_Connected and all data transfers have ceased and/or there        has been a period of inactivity then a transition to RRC_Idle is        expected instead.        RRC_Messaging_Connected_Leashed to RRC_Idle    -   Trigger: Inactivity timer expires or all outstanding message        transfer conversations have completed    -   Realized by: Signalling        RRC_Idle to RRC_Messaging_Connected_Leashed    -   It would not be essential to support this transition (hence        dotted line).    -   Trigger: The transition might be triggered if an application was        started for which it was a priori known that only a messaging        bearer would be initially required and if it were additionally        known that the frequency of messaging, frequency of cell change        or link reliability requirement would be such that a leashed        mobility management approach (handover or cell reselection with        cell update) should be supported.    -   Realized by: Signalling        RRC_Messaging_Connected_Leashed to RRC_Connected    -   Trigger: This transition could be triggered by the need to set        up an IP pipe or possibly by a need to transfer NAS signalling    -   Realized by: Signalling        RRC_Connected to RRC_Messaging_Connected_Leashed    -   Trigger: Support for this transition is non-essential. Whether        or not the transition should be supported would depend on        whether there are efficiencies to be gained by working in        RRC_Messaging_Connected_Leashed mode (for example through use of        MTC/messaging optimised PHY/MAC/RLC/PDCP).    -   Realized by: Signalling        RRC_Connected to RRC_Idle    -   Trigger: Inactivity timer expires    -   Realized by: Signalling        RRC_Idle to RRC_Connected    -   Trigger: mobile terminal requires EPS bearer (IP pipe) to be        established or possibly required for the transfer of NAS        signalling    -   Realized by: Signalling

Note that transition between from/to cell reselection and handover basedmobility management within the RRC_Messaging_Connected_Leashed state maybe triggered when frequency of messaging exceeds/reduces below thresholdand/or number of cell changes per unit time exceeds/reduces below athreshold.

An alternative arrangement for including the RRC message in connectedunleashed and leashed states is shown in FIG. 22. Accordingly atransition between the states and sub states is performed internallywithin the RRC messaging connected state 280.

According to the present technique the mobile terminal and the basestation to which it is attached may transition between the variousstates shown in FIG. 20 dependent on the need to support functionalityand whether for example only messaging needs to be supported or whetheran IP pipe is required. Within the messaging connected state 280 anddepending upon a relative number of packets generated and/or thefrequency of cell change, the mobile terminal and the base station maytransition between the unleashed and leashed states, the leashed statebeing used for more frequently generated data packets or higherfrequency of cell change than is the case for the unleashed state. Ofcourse where no data is to be sent then the mobile terminal transitionsto the RRC idle state 282.

In a more simplified arrangement a mobile terminal and base stationcould form the messaging state shown in FIG. 23 in which the terminalcan only transition to the RRC messaging connected state 280 or the idlestate 282 thus providing an even more simplified representation ofpossible states.

An illustration of a difference between the communication of datapackets which is supported for the RRC_Messaging_Connected state and theRRC_Connected state is illustrated in FIG. 24. As shown in FIG. 24, forthe RRC_Messaging_Connected state, application packets are communicatedto/from the mobile terminal 2200 via an eNB 2202 and MME 2210 from/tothe MTC-SC 2204, whereas for the RRC_Connected state data packets arecommunicated 2212 to/from the mobile terminal either via the eNB 2202,PDN_GW 2216 and S_GW 2212 to/from IP PDN 2214 and/or via the controlplane 2200 to/from the MTC-SC.

A schematic block diagram summarising the relative states explainedabove with reference to FIGS. 20 to 24 is shown in FIG. 25 inassociation with states corresponding to NAS signalling connectionsproviding communications between the mobile terminal and the MME. Inparticular, a new ECM_Messaging state is introduced; properties of thestate include the following:

-   -   Only transfer of SMS or NAS messages over the control plane is        supported, no user plane is supported.    -   The last known eNB address of the UE may be stored and made        available for routing of packets which arrive later on during        the period while the MME is in this state.    -   No S1 bearer or tunnels are configured    -   An RRC Connection may not exist and any radio functionality that        does exist may be limited (eg no AS security, no handover        configured)    -   Period in this state may be very short    -   State change from ECM_idle to ECM_Messaging_Connected at the MME        may be triggered:        -   Implicitly by the arrival of a packet within a message            transfer transaction.    -   State change from ECM_Messaging to ECM_Idle may be triggered by:        -   Age of last update of eNB <-> MME routing information            exceeding some period        -   Completion of single message transfer, completion of            outstanding message transfers within a message conversation            and/or completion of all outstanding message conversations        -   Inactivity timer    -   The MME may need to page to find the UE's location if no        sufficiently recent routing information exists, or if a network        initiated message transaction is new.    -   The UE may optionally be ‘leashed’ to the MME, specifically the        UE could be configured via signalling to provide the MME with        cell updates when the UE changes cell. The decision to invoke        this signalling may be triggered by the quantity of paging        messages per unit time exceeding some quantity and/or if the        frequency of short message conversations becomes high.    -   Stored knowledge of UE location may be inaccurate or more        specifically out of date. This may be dealt with by requiring        that higher layers such as NAS or PSM recover from any packet        loss which results from the MME forwarding a packet to an eNB        under which the UE is no longer camped. Alternatively the RAN        could provide a mobility management solution to prevent packet        loss if the MME uses its last known eNB address for routing        purposes, for example according to the methods described        earlier.

As indicated by the dotted lines in FIG. 25, whilst the MME NAS is inECM_Messaging_Connected state the RRC state can be variously in RRC_Idleor an RRC_Messaging_Connected state dependent on the radio solutionadopted, and as described previously. The ECM_Connected state is mostcommonly associated with the RRC_Connected state.

Routing information in the MME concerning which eNB the UE is campedunder may be updated by a number of means:

-   -   Response to paging performed by the MME    -   Inclusion of routing information in any mobile originated        packet/message that transits the MME    -   Through configuring the UE to send a cell update to the MME        every time a cell change occurs    -   By the eNB notifying the MME if a cell change occurs which may        be possible if the RAN is in an RRC_Messaging_Connected_Leashed        state.

CONCLUSION

Generally, the invention has been described in an LTE environment as theinvention can be advantageously implemented in this environment, howeverthe invention is not limited to an LTE environment and may beimplemented in any other suitable environment.

Various modifications can be made to examples of the present invention.Embodiments of the present invention have been defined largely in termsof reduced capability terminals, however, it will be understood that anysuitable terminal can transmit and receive short messages according tothe present disclosure, including conventional terminals such as apersonal phone.

Also, for the ease of illustration and in the interest ofintelligibility, only one node for each element of the network has beenrepresented and discussed. However, the skilled person will understandthat there may be more than one of each node. For example, the mobilenetwork may comprise a plurality of eNB, of MME, of S-GW and/or of P-GW.

Various further aspects and features of the present invention aredefined in the appended claims. Various modifications may be made to theembodiments described above without departing from the scope of thepresent invention. For example, embodiment of the present inventionfinds application with other types of mobile communications networks andis not limited to LTE.

1. A mobile communications terminal for communicating data in a mobilecommunications network, the network comprising one or more base stationsoperable to provide a wireless access interface for the communicationsterminal; and one or more mobility managers operable to send and receivesignalling packets for controlling user data communications betweencommunications terminal and destinations, wherein the communicationsterminal is: operable to communicate packets with one or more basestations in the mobile communications system via a wireless accessinterface provided by the one or more base stations; operable to send asignalling packet to one or more mobility managers of the mobilecommunications system, the packet comprising user data intended for adestination, prior to establishing a signalling connection with the oneor more mobility managers.
 2. A mobile communications terminal accordingto claim 1, wherein terminal is arranged to include in the signallingpacket an indication that the packet is part of a conversationcomprising a predetermined number of packets, the signalling packetbeing included in the number of packets.
 3. A mobile communicationsterminal according to claim 1, wherein the predetermined number ofpackets is any integer equal to or greater than one.
 4. A mobilecommunications terminal according to claim 1, wherein the terminal isarranged to include in the signalling packet information in respect ofthe terminal's identity for use in identifying the terminal in theabsence of a signalling connection with the one or more mobilitymanagers.
 5. A mobile communications terminal according to claim 1,wherein the terminal is arranged to include in the signalling packetinformation in respect of the destination's identity for use in routingthe user data in the absence of a signalling connection with the one ormore mobility managers.
 6. A mobile communications terminal forcommunicating data in a mobile communications system, where the terminalis: operable to communicate packets with one or more base stations inthe mobile communications system via a wireless access interfaceprovided by the one or more base stations; operable to send a signallingmessage to the one or more base stations, the message comprising userdata intended for a destination, prior to establishing any signallingconnection with the one or more base station.
 7. A mobile communicationsterminal according to claim 6, wherein terminal is arranged to includein the signalling message an indication that the packet is part of aconversation comprising a predetermined number of packets, thesignalling packet being included in the number of packets.
 8. A mobilecommunications terminal according to claim 7, wherein the predeterminednumber of packets is any integer equal to or greater than one.
 9. Amobile communications terminal according to claim 6, wherein theterminal is arranged to include in the signalling message information inrespect of the terminal's identity for use in identifying the terminalin the absence of a signalling connection with the one or more basestations.
 10. A mobile communications terminal according to claim 6,wherein the terminal is arranged to include in the signalling packetinformation in respect of the destination's identity for use in routingthe user data in the absence of a signalling connection with the one ormore base stations.
 11. A mobile communications terminal according toclaim 6, wherein the terminal is a 3GPP-compliant terminal.
 12. A mobilecommunications terminal according to claim 6, wherein the terminal is aLTE-compliant terminal.
 13. A mobile communications terminal accordingto claim 12, wherein one of the one or more mobility managers is aMobility Management Entity (MME).
 14. A method of operating a mobilecommunications terminal in a mobile communications system, the methodcomprising: the terminal communicating packets with one or more basestations in the mobile communications system via a wireless accessinterface provided by the one or more base stations; the terminalsending a signalling packet to one or more mobility managers of themobile communications system, the packet comprising user data intendedfor a destination, prior to establishing any signalling connection withthe one or more mobility managers.
 15. A method of operating a mobilecommunications terminal according to claim 14, the method comprising theterminal including in the signalling packet an indication that thepacket is part of a conversation comprising a predetermined number ofpackets, the signalling packet being included in the number of packets.16. A method of operating a mobile communications terminal according toclaim 15, wherein the predetermined number of packets is any integerequal to or greater than one.
 17. A method of operating a mobilecommunications terminal according to claim 14, the method comprising theterminal including in the signalling packet information in respect ofthe terminal's identity for use in identifying the terminal in theabsence of a signalling connection with the one or more mobilitymanagers.
 18. A method of operating a mobile communications terminalaccording to claim 14, the method comprising the terminal including inthe signalling packet information in respect of the destination'sidentity for use in routing the user data in the absence of a signallingconnection with the one or more mobility managers.
 19. A method ofoperating a mobile communications terminal in a mobile communicationssystem, the method comprising: communicating packets from the mobilecommunications terminal with one or more base stations in the mobilecommunications system via a wireless access interface provided by theone or more base stations; sending a signalling message from the mobilecommunications terminal to the one or more base stations, the messagecomprising user data intended for a destination, prior to establishingany signalling connection with the one or more base station.
 20. Amethod of operating a mobile communications terminal according to claim19, the method comprising the terminal including in the signallingmessage an indication that the packet is part of a conversationcomprising a predetermined number of packets, the signalling packetbeing included in the number of packets.
 21. A method of operating amobile communications terminal according to claim 20, wherein thepredetermined number of packets is any integer equal to or greater thanone.
 22. A method of operating a mobile communications terminalaccording to claim 19, the method comprising the terminal including inthe signalling message information in respect of the terminal's identityfor use in identifying the terminal in the absence of a signallingconnection with the one or more base stations.
 23. A method of operatinga mobile communications terminal according to claim 19, the methodcomprising the terminal including in the signalling packet informationin respect of the destination's identity for use in routing the userdata in the absence of a signalling connection with the one or more basestations.
 24. A method of operating a mobile communications terminalaccording to claim 19, wherein the terminal is a 3GPP-compliantterminal.
 25. A method of operating a mobile communications terminalaccording to claim 19, wherein the terminal is a LTE-compliant terminal.26. A method of operating a mobile communications terminal according toclaim 25, wherein one of the one or more mobility managers is a MobilityManagement Entity (MME). 27-28. (canceled)